Före år 1895 kunde läkarna endast ställa en sannolik diagnos utifrån vad patienten kunde berätta och om det syntes någon förändring på utsidan av kroppen. Med röntgen blev det möjligt att se insidan av patienten utan att först skära upp densamma, man kan säga att säga att röntgen blev startskottet för diagnostisk avbildning.Vidareutvecklingen av röntgen gav CT (Computed Tomography) där röntgenrör och detektorer roterar runt patienten samtidigt som patientbordet förflyttas. Förutom CT utvecklades även MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), PET (Positron Emission Tomography) och Ultraljud. Gemensamt för alla dessa olika metoder är att det produceras 3D-bilder.1990 kom en helt ny metod för diagnostisk avbildning, OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography), genom att mäta fasförskjutningen och intensitet av reflekterande ljus, ger det i realtid och oförstörande mätning (in vivo) en upplösning på 1 till 15 µm, mycket högre än alla andra vanliga bildåtergivningstekniker. OCT-maskinen kan jämföras med ultraljud, som använder reflektion av ljudvågor för tolkning [1].De första OCT-maskinerna var av typ TD (Time Domain), dessa hade låg upplösning och låg skanningshastighet.

The determination of the optical properties of biological tissue is an important issue in laser medicine. The optical properties define the tissue´s absorption and scattering behaviour, and can be expressed by quantities such as the albedo, the optical thickness and the anisotropy coefficient. During this project, a measurement system for the determination of the optical properties was built up. The system consists of a double integrating sphere set-up to perform the necessary reflection and transmission measurements, and a computer algorithm to calculate the optical properties from the measured data. This algorithm is called Inverse Adding Doubling method, and is based on a one-dimensional transport model.

This thesis investigates how the optical properties of paperboard influences printing with targets in ISO 12647-2. The targets for optical properties in ISO 12647-2 are defined for paperboard without optical brightening agents and fluorescent brightening agents wich makes it difficult to reach the targets when printing paperboard containing these agents.Seven different types of paperboard, some with and some without the agents, have been printed and instrumentally andvisually measured to see if there is any deviation from the standard targets and if it shows visually.The result shows that paperboard containing optical brightening agents and fluorescent brightening agents can print with targets in ISO 12647-2 but in many measurments the difference between the types of paperboard were to small to assess. The differences between the types of paperboard in the instrumental measurements did not fully correspond with the waythe panel appraised them visually..

Denna rapport handlar om optisk koherenstomografi, Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), en relativt ny teknik som blivit allt mer attraktiv på sjukhusens ögonkliniker. En OCT-apparat används bland annat för diagnosticering av ögonsjukdomar lokaliserade i gula fläcken och runt optiska disken. I maj 2007 köpte Ögonkliniken på Blekingesjukhuset in en 3D OCT-1000 av märket Topcon. Hos denna OCT-apparat finns en mätfunktion, Caliper, som mäter näthinnetjocklek. Studien i denna rapport syftade till att ta reda på vad Caliper mäter, hur den mäter och om den går att lita på.

Denna rapport handlar om optisk koherenstomografi, Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), en relativt ny teknik som blivit allt mer attraktiv på sjukhusens ögonkliniker. En OCT-apparat används bland annat för diagnosticering av ögonsjukdomar lokaliserade i gula fläcken och runt optiska disken. I maj 2007 köpte Ögonkliniken på Blekingesjukhuset in en 3D OCT-1000 av märket Topcon. Hos denna OCT-apparat finns en mätfunktion, Caliper, som mäter näthinnetjocklek. Studien i denna rapport syftade till att ta reda på vad Caliper mäter, hur den mäter och om den går att lita på. En OCT-undersökning utfördes på tio testpersoner.

This report present a working model for simulation of what happens to colors displayed on screens when they are observed through optical filters. The results of the model can be used to visually, on one screen, simulate another screen with an applied optical filter. The model can also produce CIE color difference values for the simulated screen colors. The model is data driven and requires spectral measurements for at least the screen to be simulated and the physical filters that will be used. The model is divided into three separate modules or steps where each of the modules can be easily replaced by alternative implementations or solutions.

In an attempt to develop a more cost-efficient material for solar   energy applications, nano-particles of nickel oxide composite in a silikatmatris manufactured with solar gelmethod and studied structurally by electron microscopy. Furthermore, the thin film optical properties characterized by Variable. Angel Spectroscopic Ellipsometry. Sol gelfilms suitability as a selective absorber surface is also analyzed by optical modeling..

Free Space Optics (FSO) has received a great deal of attention lately both in the military and civilian information society due to its potentially high capacity, rapid deployment, portability and high security from deception and jamming. The main issue is that severe weather can have a detrimental impact on the performance, which may result in an inadequate availability. This report contains a feasibility study for an all-optical free-space link intended for short-range communication (200-500 m). Laboratory tests have been performed to evaluate the link design. Field tests were made to investigate availability and error performance under the influence of different weather conditions.

In an attempt to develop a more cost-efficient material for solar   energy applications, nano-particles of nickel oxide composite in a silikatmatris manufactured with solar gelmethod and studied structurally by electron microscopy. Furthermore, the thin film optical properties characterized by Variable. Angel Spectroscopic Ellipsometry. Sol gelfilms suitability as a selective absorber surface is also analyzed by optical modeling..

The purpose of this study is to compare the energy related and environmental consequences of implementing optical sorting as a means of waste collection with those of reducing food waste. In addition to studying the possibility of implementing optical sorting in downtown Stockholm, the yielded amounts of energy from waste collection and reduced wastage will be calculated. This is done by way of literature reviews and interviews. The amount of energy that can be generated through optical sorting and biogas production via anaerobic digestion in downtown Stockholm is 29-44 TJ/year, compared to 118 TJ/year saved by completely eliminating food waste. The generated biogas can replace fossil fuels, but the required food waste contributes to increased greenhouse gas emissions as well as reduced bio diversity and eutrophication during the wasted food?s lifecycle.

The energy consumption continues to increase as the use of electronics and energy consuming equipment increases. The use of fossil fuels has to be phased out for this to be sustainable in the long run while the use of renewable energy continues to increase. A renewable energy source is solar energy but the production of heat and electricity are today very expensive compared to other energy sources and an important task for the solar energy market to grow is therefore to minimize the production cost of the solar collectors while increasing its efficiency to produce heat and/or electricity. One way to convert solar energy into heat is by using solar collectors and electricity can be produced by utilizing the produced heat, or by applying solar cells.This thesis aims to recommend a reflective material for the next generation solar collectors from Absolicon and to recommend a commercially available coating for the receiver tube of the solar collector. A market study has been carried out to investigate the cost-related aspects along with the optical and durable aspects for the optical material of the solar collector.

Sverige är för tillfället operativa med Helikopter 16 - Black Hawk i Afghanistan. Uppgiften som löses i Afghanistan är främre och taktisk sjuktransport (MEDEVAC).Detta arbete handlar om hur befintliga VMS-system i helikoptrar kan kompletteras i syfte att möta ett föreliggande prickskyttehot vid lösande av främre MEDEVAC i ett insatsområde som miljömässigt liknar Afghanistan. I arbetet analyseras möjliga tekniker utifrån aspekter från ett konstruerat scenario där helikopterbesättningarnas uppgift, insatsmiljö samt hotbild beskrivs.Resultatet visar på att MEDEVAC-helikoptrar kan utrustas med sensor-gimbaler där olika sensorer kan kombineras, vilket möjliggör spaning i 360°. Detta bidrar till den militära nyttan då helikopterpersonalens lösande av uppgift effektiviseras, chansen till överlevnad ökar samtidigt som personal och patienter kan känna sig tryggare..

Gravitational lenses are unlike ordinary optical lenses, a phenomenon corrupting our optical view of the cosmos. When we look out intospace we see celestial bodies lying with astronomical distance from Earth. There is no guarantee that what we see out there in space is actually there where we are observing it, and it may be that we see multiple images of the same star! Studies have shown that thenumber of distorted images of an n-mass (n > 1) plane lens can not exceed 5(n -1) for lighter lenses or 5n for more massive lens. This mathematical thesis covers gravitational lensing and their properties that distort light rays coming towards us from distant celestial bodies. In addition of gravitational lensing, its properties and the proof of the maximum number of distorted images, a bigger part of this work even cover two very interesting mathematical tools - the so-called Schwarz function and Bezout theorem..

Swedish agriculture has gone through big changes in the latest 60 years. The farm sizes have increased, which has led to raised tractor and machinery sizes and therefore increasing problems with soil compaction. A method to reduce these problems is to implement controlled traffic farming, CTF. All field operations are then concentrated to specific tracks by using GPS guidance. The aim of this work was to study how the tillage regime, with or without CTF, affects the soil, with the main focus on macroporosity. In Säby close to Uppsala, and Alnarp close to Malmö, randomized block trials has been carried out, and the data has mainly been taken from these trials.

Röntgenläkarna väljer ofta att byta undersökningsteknik för att fastställa misstänkt patologi som inte går att diagnostisera med en metod. Vid röntgenundersökningar av sinus (bihålor) så kan läkaren välja mellan konventionell röntgen eller en datortomografiundersökning. Skälet är att diagnoser som tumör, benpåverkan eller ansiktstrauma inte avbildas lika bra med den konventionella metoden. Syftet med den här studien är att jämföra datotomografi och konventionell röntgen vid sinusundersökningar, vilka för och nackdelar som de olika metoderna har, hur bildinformationen och diagnostiken skiljer sig, vilka risker som finns med joniserad strålning samt vilka biologiska effekter strålningen har på människan. Intervju har gjorts med odontologi läkare som berättat om för och nackdelar med de olika metoderna, och litteratur och artiklar har gett kunskap för att komma fram till resultatet.